Client programs for viewing Web pages. Open Library - open library of educational information What is a web browser
Programs for viewing web pages
Browsers are programs for viewing Web pages.
Lecture No. 6
One of the basic tasks of the Internet is to store and provide (on request) extremely important information to users. To find the necessary information on the Internet, it is extremely important to know the address of the Web page (site) on which this information is located, to have at least one of the Web browsing applications installed on your PC, and to have access to the global network.
A program for navigation (searching for information on the Internet) and viewing Web pages is usually called browser(browser). The word browser is derived from the English " Web browser"There are many browsers today.
The most popular are graphical browsers(two-dimensional):
Internet Explorer
Mozilla Firefox
· Flock (Firefox and Flock are based on Netscape code)
Netscape Navigator
· Google Chrome and others.
Internet Explorer browser page
The Safari browser for Windows is gaining popularity. The first graphical browser, Viola, appeared in 1992. Currently, three-dimensional browsers are being developed, for example the Clara browser
Popular text browsers(console browsers):
· Links (supports graphics).
Lynx and Links can be used on various platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows and other operating systems. These browsers are suitable for use on weak PCs and low-speed Internet connections.
At the same time, these browsers can be used for powerful PCs and high-speed lines for navigation or Internet surfing (for quick access to the required information on sites), and to view the required Web pages, it is advisable to use browsers with a graphical interface.
To work in DOS, you can use a graphical WWW browser Arachne is a graphical browser that supports the basic elements of modern Web design. To work in Linux, you can use the following browsers: Lynx, Links (Elinks, Links2, Links Hacked), Opera, Netscape, and so on.
Browsers are the client World Wide Web, that is, an application program that, upon request, receives documents from Web servers, interprets the data from Web pages and displays them on the screen.
Using a browser, you can easily search for the desired web page on the Internet by typing one or more words in the address bar (search bar) of the browser and pressing Enter to begin the search. Browsers provide access not only to Web servers, but also to other Internet servers (FTP servers, Gopher servers and UseNet teleconferencing servers).
One of the most popular browsers is Internet Explorer, since the Internet Explorer application is included in the Windows operating system.
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To work on the WWW on your computer, you must have a special program - a browser. Browser is an application program that interacts with the WWW and allows you to receive various documents from the network, view and edit their contents. Browsers provide the ability to work with documents containing text and multimedia information. In addition, they support all the previously discussed Internet access methods and protocols.
On the WWW, documents typically contain hypertext (text with hyperlinks). Unlike ordinary texts, online documents contain commands that define their structure, including links to other documents. This allows the browser to format the document for display on the screen according to the capabilities of a particular computer. Since the Internet uses heterogeneous hardware and software, a universal hypertext markup language, HTML (HyperText Markup Language), was adopted for the development of Web pages.
HTML contains a set of commands used to describe the structure of a document. Using HTML, a document is divided into appropriate logical components: paragraphs, headings, lists, etc. The specific formatting attributes of a document (body text and highlighted components) when viewing it are determined by the browser used.
The most common browsers are:
Mosaic for Windows;
Cello program;
Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE);
Netscape Communicator.
Linx program;
Let's briefly consider their purpose and main capabilities. The main focus will be on MSIE, as one of the most popular browsers. Its latest version 4.0 is distributed free of charge on the Internet by Microsoft and is included in Windows 98.
Mosaic for Windows- one of the first viewing programs. It has a very simple graphical user interface and allows you to display formatted Web documents on the screen. Its disadvantage is the need to install additional software for working with graphic files, audio and video images, which is not included as standard in the browser.
Program Cello was developed as an alternative to Mosaic. Directly provides access to HTTP, Gopher, FTP servers, UseNet teleconferences, and also supports working with Telnet when using external client programs. The program has a very simple interface, which allows you to quickly master working with it. The inconvenience of working with the browser is the small number of buttons on the control panel, so you constantly have to work with drop-down menus.
Program Linx refers to browsers with a text interface. Hypertext links are highlighted on the screen with a different color or an inversion of the background and text colors. The advantage of this browser is the ability to quickly find text information on the WWW using hypertext links. Pages you have viewed can be marked using bookmarks, which can be created while working in the browser.
Browser EINet WinWeb differs for the better in the small amount of main memory occupied during operation, good support for interactive forms, stable and reliable operation. The navigation mechanism is implemented simply and conveniently for the user. There is a built-in tool for searching documents using keywords. Browser settings allow you to select the fonts and colors used when displaying documents and highlighting hyperlinks.
Browser Internet Works allows you to work not only with WWW, but also with FTP and Gopher servers. The documents the user works with can be presented at three levels. In this case, the transition from page to page can occur both within one level and between them, using the toolbar buttons and the ability to work in multi-window mode. Viewing a text document can occur while simultaneously downloading multimedia files in the background. It is possible to customize the interface by the user.
The generally recognized leaders among programs for viewing and editing Web documents - the Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers are the most convenient and multifunctional. They allow you to display on the screen any documents created in any operating environment and on any computer with a configuration that allows for network operation.
Most novice users who access Internet resources use the standard set of Windows capabilities and the Internet Explorer browser, believing that these programs provide a solution to all problems when working with Web resources. However, it is not. There are a number of useful programs that complement the capabilities of the almighty browser, these are offline viewing tools, tools for analyzing information updates on specific nodes, translators, etc. Let's briefly look at the operating principles of these programs.
Offline Web browsing tools
One of the main tasks performed when working on the Web is viewing and then copying pages to the user's local drive. Using a regular browser, the user has to download the page, then copy it and move on to the next link. If you need to copy all the documents of a large site, this work becomes a separate problem. When copying a large number of pages, it takes a long time and there are bound to be omissions and errors. This approach leads to inefficient use of network time. Therefore, if you use any resource that is rarely updated, then it is much more profitable to download it once to your hard drive and view it locally, and the speed of access to information will be much higher.
In other words, this is convenient if the user needs information presented in relatively large blocks.
The programs mentioned above are called offline browsers or Internet vampires.
When downloading a large number of documents, an offline browser can be more efficient due to the ability to simultaneously download files from several pages at once.
The function of an offline browser can be compared to a library service, which provides the opportunity to copy part of the library collection and take it home for more efficient work (Fig. 4.13).
Rice. 4.13.
When copying information from the Web to your hard drive, certain problems with hyperlinks may arise. Obviously, it is not always possible to copy all the documents referenced by the pages of a particular site. So some links will remain broken. Moreover, absolute links are known to point to specific URLs. When you copy Web pages to your local computer, their addresses will change and absolute links will no longer work offline. Thus, in order to make an offline copy, you need to reconfigure the hyperlinks in the copied documents. In this case, the copy of the Web site on your local computer can recreate the document relationship structure of the source site, but the copy for offline viewing will no longer be a mirror copy of the Web site from which the copy was made.
There are a number of offline browsers. Among Russian products, mention should be made of "DISKokachalka" from the DISKo company (www.disco.ru). One of the most common programs in this class is the relatively new and at the same time popular WebZip program from Spidersoft (www.spidersoft.com). Its main advantage is the ability to create ZIP archives of downloaded files. Naturally, this allows you to use disk space much more efficiently. WebZip has a built-in browser that allows you to view zipped pages without unzipping them.
Module 2: Wide Area Networks and Wide Area Network Technologies
Introduction to global networks. Basic concepts and definitions
Topic 2.1. Circuit-switched wide area networks
Topic 2.2. Wide Area Networks with Packet Switching
Topic 2.3. Global Internet
Topic 2.4. Browsers - Web browsing programs
Topic 2.5. Email. Mail applications
Topic 2.6. FrontPage 2003 program
Topic 2.7. Creating a Web Page
Topic 2.8. Website creation
Topic 2.9. Business on the Internet
Topic 2.10. Internet resources
Wide Area Network Technologies
2.4. Browsers - Web browsing programs
2.4.1. Programs for viewing web pages
One of the main tasks of the Internet is storing and providing (upon request) the necessary information to users. To find the necessary information on the Internet, you need to know the address of the Web page (site) on which this information is located, have at least one of the Web browsing applications installed on your PC, and have access to the global network.
A program for navigating (searching for information on the Internet) and viewing Web pages is called a browser. There are many browsers available nowadays. The most popular graphical browsers (two-dimensional): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock (Firefox and Flock are based on Netscape code), Opera, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome and others.
The Safari browser for Windows is gaining popularity. The first graphical browser, Viola, appeared in 1992. Currently, three-dimensional browsers are being developed, for example the Clara browser
Popular text browsers (console browsers) are Lynx and Links (Links2 supports graphics). Lynx and Links can be used on various platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows and other operating systems. These browsers are advisable to use for weak PCs and low-speed Internet connections.
In addition, these browsers can be used for powerful PCs and high-speed lines for the purpose of navigation or Internet surfing (for quick access to the required information on sites), and to view the required Web pages, it is advisable to use browsers with a graphical interface.
To work in DOS, you can use the graphical WWW browser Arachne - this is a graphical browser that supports the basic elements of modern Web design.
To work in Linux, you can use the following browsers: Lynx, Links (Elinks, Links2, Links Hacked), Opera, Netscape, and so on.
Browsers are a client of the World Wide Web, that is, an application program that, upon request, receives documents from Web servers, interprets data from Web pages and displays them on the screen.
Using a browser, you can easily search for the desired web page on the Internet by typing one or more words in the address bar (search bar) of the browser and pressing Enter to begin the search. Browsers provide access not only to Web servers, but also to other Internet servers (FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers).
One of the most popular browsers is Internet Explorer, since the Internet Explorer application is included in the Windows operating system.
The Internet Explorer browser, page navigation technology and working with Web pages are discussed in detail in the section
.8.1 Concept of browsers and their functions
Internet documents are intended to be displayed in electronic form. Formatting and displaying a document on a specific computer is carried out by a special program - browser (from the English word browser).
The main functions of browsers are as follows:
Establishing a connection with the Web server on which the document is stored.
Understanding HTML language tags, formatting and displaying a Web page in accordance with the capabilities of the computer on which the browser is running;
Providing tools for displaying multimedia and other objects included in Web pages.
Ensuring automation of Web page searches and simplifying access to previously visited Web pages.
Provide access to built-in or stand-alone tools for working with other Internet services.
8.2 Working with Internet Explorer
An example of a browser designed for viewing Web documents is Internet Explorer 5.0.
The program provides a single method of access to local computer documents, corporate Intranet resources and information available on the Internet. It provides work with the World Wide Web, provides identical tools for working with local computer folders and FTP file archives, and provides access to communications via the Internet.
The corresponding programs (Outtook Express and Microsoft NetMeeting) are standalone, but are considered part of the Internet Explorer 5.0 package. A diagram of using the Internet through Internet Explorer is shown in Fig. 8.1.
Figure 8.1 – Organization of access to Internet resources
For start Internet Explorer browser, you can use the Internet Explorer icon on the Desktop or Quick Launch Bar, as well as the Main Menu
(Start > Programs Internet Explorer).
In addition, the program starts automatically when you try to open an Internet document or a local document in HTML format. For this purpose you can use:
Web page shortcuts,
Favorites folder
Desktop toolbar,
Address or input field in the Run a program dialog box (Start > Run).
8.2.1 Opening and viewing Web pages
The Web page you are viewing is displayed in the work area of the window. By default, all its contents are opened, including graphic illustrations and embedded multimedia objects.
Having an address bar autocomplete feature makes it easy to re-enter addresses. The address you enter is automatically compared with the addresses of previously viewed Web pages.
Navigating the Internet is often accomplished not by entering a URL, but by using hyperlinks . When a Web page is displayed on the hyperlink screen highlighted in color (usually blue) and underlining . Typically, underlining is used only to highlight hyperlinks. A more reliable sign is the shape mouse pointer . When you click on a hyperlink, the corresponding Web page loads instead of the current one. If the hyperlink points to an arbitrary file, it is downloaded using the FTP protocol.
Web pages may also contain graphical links (that is, hyperlinks represented by a picture) and image maps that combine several links within a single image. To view links on an open Web page, it is convenient to use the TAB key.
Additional options for using hyperlinks are provided by their context menu. To open a new page without closing the current one, use the command
