When did the Internet appear in its non-modern form? The emergence of the Internet in Russia and in the world. Where did the Internet and the World Wide Web come from?

The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives. In just 5 years, the Internet, or as we also call it, the World Wide Web or the Global Network, has become popular among millions of people. Now many of us cannot imagine life without this brilliant invention. Have you ever thought about who we are grateful to for such an interesting and useful thing? Who invented the Internet? Who is the creator of the Global Network? And in general, why was the Internet invented in the first place?

This is how it all began...

In 1957, the US Department of Defense first began to think about the reliable transmission of information. It was necessary to create such a message transmission system that even in the event of a nuclear war this system would not fail. The American Defense Research Projects Agency came up with the idea of ​​using computers as sources of receiving and transmitting information. And for this it was necessary to develop a computer network. Four US universities were tasked with bringing the idea to life: the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Utah, the University of Santa Barbara and the Stanford Research Center.

And in 1969, a talented group of scientists created a computer network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which united these 4 universities.

By 1973, the ARPANET network had become international. Organizations from Norway and Great Britain connected to the network using a transatlantic telephone cable. By the end of the 70s, they began to actively work on standardizing data protocols, which were successfully standardized in 1982-1983.

John Postel took an active part in the development of network protocols. Since Jon Postel is the author of many network protocols that are still used today: IP, ICMP, TCP, FTP, DNS, many call him the man who created the Internet or the father of the Internet.

By the beginning of 1983, after the ARPANET switched to the newly created TCP/IP network interconnection protocol, the name we now successfully use, “Internet,” was assigned to it.

All this time, the computer network was available to a limited number of people. It was only in 1991, after the standardization of WWW (World Wide Web) pages, that the World Wide Web became a publicly accessible invention of the United States.

So in what year was the Internet created?

As you understand, in what year the Internet was invented cannot be answered unambiguously. Because the very concept of “Internet” and our modern World Wide Web appeared much later than the idea itself and its predecessor, the ARPANET network. But these questions can be united by the following question: who and when invented and created the first Internet? In 1957, the idea came to the minds of specialists from DARPA (US Defense Research Projects Agency) and 12 years later a group of talented university scientists created the first computer network ARPANET. And in what year our modern Internet was created, you can determine for yourself - in 1983, when the very concept of “Internet” appeared, or in 1991, when the network became public domain.

In conclusion, we can say that it is impossible to single out one single person from the circle of people who worked on the creation of the Worldwide Computer Network and invented the Internet. Mankind moved towards this discovery gradually, even in 1908 Nikola Tesla, speaking about the idea of ​​using electrical information communications, predicted the emergence of the Global Network: “When the project is completed, a businessman in New York will be able to dictate instructions, and they will immediately appear in his office in London... In the same way, any image, symbol, drawing, text can be transmitted from one place to another... And the most important thing is that all this will be transmitted wirelessly ... "

Greetings, dear blog readers. website. Everyone is talking about the Internet and its possibilities. But I am sure that the majority of users do not know who created the Internet and how the Internet developed, which is what today’s article will be devoted to.

Word Internet has entered our lives so deeply that, for example, children sincerely think that it has always been this way. You could always log into the site, get information, communicate on social networks, and play online. What becomes so familiar, we gradually stop noticing. And, if you seriously think about such a concept as Internet history , then the first surprise of many will await you right away. It turns out that the first website is only twenty years old.

Today we can state that the network has truly become worldwide and global. From New York teenagers to Aleutian shamans, everyone uses the World Wide Web.

Where did the Internet and the global WWW come from?

The fact in itself is remarkable, we are happy to state it - the Internet has no owner. It, at its core, unites separate local networks, which are in a functional state thanks to network providers.

There is even an opinion among a number of experts that the constant growth of such a thing as media traffic (photos, videos and other “heavy” content) may soon lead to a complete collapse of the World Wide Web. Internet bandwidth is still limited.

Many states, by the way, have encountered a serious problem due to this “nobody’s status” of the World Wide Web. They cannot introduce censorship into the global network. Totalitarian regimes around the world are bursting at the seams. Recently, officials were very happy. They came up with the idea of ​​equating the Internet with the media. Victory? Not at all! Well, not at all! What is the Internet? This is, at its core, just a means of communication. In this sense, it can be compared to a telephone or, if you like, to writing paper. And now, gentlemen, officials, apply your censorship to the telephone or to paper. Will it work? Useless!

The state can only apply sanctions to individual sites. And not a single leader of the most powerful state in the world can limit the World Wide Web as a whole. It turns out a global network - global freedom!

Did you know that the first attempts to create an information web were made back in 1957? It is clear that such a network was needed by the military gentlemen and, it is also clear that in the USA. Development proceeded very slowly (12 years). This is due to the fact that computers were, to put it mildly, very far from perfect. However, already in 1971 the Pentagon was able to launch and exchange it with scientists from leading American universities. So we fix the date the first use of the Global Network for the need to transfer Email. Just imagine: 1971, email...

It took about 10 years for the World Wide Web to cross the world's oceans. Since the beginning of the 80s, protocols have appeared that allow data transfer - mail and protocol FTP(file). The minutes of the news conference appear Usenet. Now you can organize something similar to a forum.

Scientists spent some time creating the DNS (domain name system). Finally, a protocol was created that allowed communication over the Internet in real time. This is the so-called “irka” - IRC. Now it was possible to chat online.

Further Internet history cannot do without mentioning the name of one Englishman. This is Tim Berners-Lee. He came up with this World Wide Web. Now everyone knows this abbreviation WWW. And then scientists involved in nuclear research needed somewhere convenient to store and place scientific information.

Berners-Lee came up with the fundamental elements of the WWW for humanity. Now all the information is in our computers, it’s one continuous hypertext. Here it is, the basic principle of organizing information, which was taken as a basis Tim Berners-Lee - hypertext. It can include an infinite number of hyperlinks. The developments of the brilliant Englishman were transferred to the global network. The success of the scientists' new invention was stunning. In the first five years of its existence, more than 50 million users registered on the network.

To implement the hypertext principle, it was necessary to create the HTTP protocol (data transfer) and develop a completely new hypertext markup language, HTML. Now it was possible to store, transmit and . The question arose about how to refer to these documents? This is how the Uniform Resource Identifier and Uniform Resource Locator (URI and URL) came into being.

Now it’s time for a program that could display on our computers what we are requesting on the network. It's the browser's turn to appear. We still don’t have many of them today, but the main players satisfy us quite well. good old Internet Explorer, battle-tested Mozilla Firefox, brave newcomer Google Chrome, beloved but fading Opera- these are our daily and faithful helpers on the World Wide Web.

Let's pay tribute to the genius of Timothy John Berners-Lee. In fact, he single-handedly created the basic tools of the modern World Wide Web. A little later, a browser will appear, with the help of which it became possible to transmit graphic information - Mosaic. If you compare the Internet with preparing a dish in the kitchen, then the graphical browser in the list of ingredients is salt. Just as any dish will be tasteless without salt, the Global Network with pictures, photos and videos has become mankind’s favorite dish.

It is interesting that Berners-Lee did not make any very big money from his brainchild. Money will pour into this industry a little later. Those who will create Yandex and Google will turn over billions of dollars.

Here's a good presentation on this topic:

P.S.

Best regards, Alexander Sergienko

Many names are associated with the birth of the Internet on our planet, but the birthplace of the Internet, one way or another, remains distant America. The history of the World Wide Web began back in 1961. Although just over fifty years have passed, the Internet does not appear to be an underdeveloped or fledgling system. The rapid spread and high popularity have made the Internet almost the most necessary part of human existence. A housewife, an individual entrepreneur, an owner of a medium-sized business, large holdings, research centers and military structures - all are users of Internet resources.

Modern consumers of thousands of megabytes of information should be grateful to the employees of the US Department of Defense. After all, it was the need to connect several computers into a common network that became the impetus for the creation of the first TCP/IP protocols (connected network protocol). Paul Baran was the first to develop the theoretical knowledge of connecting networks through a common status for them. This was in 1961, and already in 1974, an article by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn about the internetwork packet data transfer protocol was published. In 1982, the protocol became a reality, which became the working tool for all military networks and computers of the American Department of Defense.

Since 1984, the network has managed to cross borders and expanded beyond the United States. In 1987, countries such as Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden joined the network, and a year later they were joined by Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Italy, and Israel. 1990 - the beginning of the Internet in Russia, the Russian network was called Relcom, and was extremely popular in Moscow.

The first browser was Mosaic, developed in 1993 by a group of students and programmers at the University of Illinois. In just a year, the browser became so widespread that it had more than two million users. Installing it on your computer was free. Thanks to the invention of the browser, information from all possible sites became available. Following Mosaic, other new browsers began to be born, and in 1995, Bill Gates and his Microsoft corporation released their Internet Explorer browser.

Today, the number of Internet users has exceeded a billion, not a single office can function without a connection to the World Wide Web, the number of sites created on the Internet can no longer be counted - advertising, trade, engineering technologies, services in various areas - everything can be discussed on the Internet. With the help of the World Wide Web, international transactions take place. The Internet has become an assistant in translating texts into any language. The Internet offers a lot of opportunities to earn money without leaving home, thanks to the implemented technologies. You can transfer and receive money via the Internet, pay bills, without wasting precious time in traffic jams and queues. Social networks, in which people share their impressions of their holidays, communicate, make acquaintances, and find like-minded people, have become very popular - and this is also thanks to the Internet.

Convenience of communication, a million possibilities, familiarity with world news and self-education - thanks to these reasons alone, the Internet can truly be considered one of the greatest inventions in the world.

The emergence of the Internet in Russia

The first step towards the emergence of the “Runet” was taken in 1990, at the time when an American public organization called Glasnet was formed. From the name it is clear that these social activists pursued the goal of making society as open to information as possible. They saw this as a global educational mission.

The result was that Glasnet became one of the first commercial providers on Earth, and after a series of mergers and acquisitions by other companies, TeleRoss LLC appeared.

Next, the Relcom computer network was formed and its appearance was largely due to the employees of the Kurchatov Institute. Pretty soon, about thirty research centers were connected to this system, using what we today call electronic mail. In 1991, in February, the TC/IP protocol was used for the first time. On May 1, 1991, the volume of Internet traffic in Russia increased so much that this day could well be called the birthday of the Runet.

In 1993, the provider company Demos On-Line was founded, which later became one of the largest telecommunications service providers in our country.

In 1994, a website with the RU domain was registered for the first time - this is the beginning of the development of the Russian Internet zone. A structure is being developed to maintain the networks of institutes and universities in our country on a single basis, that is, the expansion of computer networks. This process was carried out within the framework of the state program “Universities of Russia”. The resulting Runnet network, using satellite communication systems, covered six regions of the country. In 1996, the Runnet network already covered 15 regions.

In the spring of 1996, the Open Society Institute launched the University Internet Centers project, which was designed for five years. The Russian government contributed to the development of this program. Its implementation cost about $130 million, including the installation of the necessary equipment. For the first time in our country, it became possible to transmit data at a speed of 256 kilobits per second. The Rambler search engine is gaining momentum.

Radio broadcasting actively uses the network space. The radio station “Silver Rain” was one of the first to take a step in this direction, broadcasting online around the clock. The years 1995-1996 were marked by such significant phenomena.

In 1997, the ICQ system celebrated its first “birthday”. Within six months, 130 thousand Russians were using it.

In February 1997, the Russian search engine AltaVista was launched on the Internet, which was modernized a little later.

In the spring of 1997, the question of using the Internet in corporate networks was first raised. For this purpose, a special online forum was organized, in which representatives of several hundred Russian and foreign companies participated. In February of the same year, Rambler launched its famous rating system, which assessed the popularity of websites in various categories.

In September 1997, a turning point in the development of Internet communications in Russia took place: the Yandex search system was registered, which made it possible to conveniently search for information in Russian. This year the number of Russian sites has increased hundreds of times. Thus, it was the last decade of the “atomic age” that began to set the pace for the development of the Russian Internet.

In 1999, in the center of Moscow near Arbat, the Complat Network was created and began to actively develop. The first customers began to use broadband Internet access services. After 15 years, the number of our subscribers and connection speed have grown thousands of times.

Before you start reading this article, we offer you a small survey, and after reading the article you can test your own knowledge of the history of the Internet. So, when do you think the Internet appeared?

Today, few people can imagine themselves without access to the Internet; each of us has a lot of gadgets, computers, tablets, smart TVs and many other devices that are firmly entrenched in our lives. And I’m also sure that many of us periodically wonder: when was the internet invented? In what year, by whom?

The first prototype of the Internet appeared in the United States of America back in 1969. All this happened in the strictest secrecy, development was carried out directly by the United States Department of Defense and the goals of its creation were far from those in which we now use the World Wide Web.

The APRANET network was created for the following purposes:

• studying ways to maintain stable communications in the face of a nuclear attack;
• conducting experiments in the field of computer communications;
• development of the concept of distributed control of military and civilian structures during war.
• combining the scientific potential of research institutions;

The abbreviation APRANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The first ARPANET server was installed on September 1, 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The Honeywell 516 computer had 12 KB of RAM. By today's standards these are ridiculous numbers, but back then it was just a “beast”. At the beginning of its activity, the APRANET network looked like this:

However, progress did not stand still and by 1980 the network had transformed and expanded significantly.

By the end of the 1970s, various data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1983. Jon Postel played a very important role in the development and standardization of network protocols. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET completely switched from the NCP protocol to the TCP/IP protocol, which is still successfully used to connect networks. It was in 1983 that the term “Internet” was assigned to the ARPANET network.

But time does not stand still and competitors do not sleep; already in 1984, the ARPANET network had a serious rival, the US National Science Foundation (NSF), which founded its extensive inter-university network NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network), which was made up of smaller networks. This network had much higher bandwidth than ARPANET and within a year more than 10 thousand computers connected to this network. The title of the Internet network began to smoothly transition to NSFNet.

In 1989, in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN), the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was developed by the great British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who, within two years, created the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol), the HTML language. A standardized document markup language on the World Wide Web. Most web pages contain HTML markup descriptions. HTML is interpreted by browsers; the resulting formatted text is displayed on the screen of a computer or mobile device monitor and URIs.

On December 20, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, working in Switzerland, created and connected to the network the very first website in the world. The Briton simply wanted to make it a little easier for fellow scientists from CERN to find the necessary information for which purpose and invented a hypertext electronic page. The first site looked like a simple text page with a few phrases and links describing what the World Wide Web was and how to use it. By the way, this very first site in the world is still working today and is available for viewing at the link http://info.cern.ch

When did the Internet appear in Russia? In Russia, the first network connected to the Internet was the RELCOM network, created in 1990 on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow. The creators of the network - physicists - sought to obtain a channel for operational communication with their Western colleagues, primarily for conducting joint research. However, as often happens, the Russian Internet subnet they created soon acquired independent significance. In 1996, this network already had about 300 nodes and numbered tens of thousands of subscribers.

How many total users are there on the Internet? Today, more than 3.5 billion people around the world have access to the Internet. The majority of users are from developing countries - about 2.5 billion. The UN estimates that the total world population reached 7.3 billion in 2016.

Internet, global network, World Wide Web - all these are names of a huge information space that covers the whole world. The history of the emergence and development of this information web is bright and unusual. A decade after its appearance, the global network won a large number of organizations in different countries, which began to actively use it for their work.

The popularity of the global network was growing rapidly. Today, the Internet has become an everyday occurrence for us, and we are no longer surprised by it.

But what was it like? Internet history? How did he appear? Where, exactly, did it all begin, and how did this fabulous network containing information about everything develop? You can read about this further in the article.

ARPANET's first packet switching network

The history of the Internet dates back to the late 50s of the 20th century, when the nuclear missile arms race began between the USSR and the USA. At this time, the USSR acquired intercontinental missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons to US territory. This fact served as the impetus for the decision by the American military to create a reliable communication and information transfer system in case of war. The ARPA agency, which was responsible for the introduction of new technologies into the American army, proposed using a computer network for this purpose, which would not fail if any of its nodes or several nodes were destroyed. The development of the network was entrusted to four organizations:

• Stanford Research Center
• UCLA
• University of Utah
• California State University

The development was financed by the US Department of Defense. The creators of the network based the network on the technology described by the American engineer Leonard Kleinrock in 1961, which makes it possible to split data streams into packets (some sequences) and chain them through a network where there are alternative routes between two nodes.

The first test of such a network was carried out on October 29, 1969. A connection was made between two computers that were installed at a distance of 640 km from each other. One computer was located at the University of California, and the second was located at Stanford University. Communication lines were leased from the telephone company AT&T, which provided a connection speed of 56 Kbps. The test was that the first operator (Charlie Cline
from the University of Los Angeles) entered the word LOGIN, and the second (Bill Duvall from the Stanford Institute) had to confirm by phone that he saw it on his screen. At 21:00 the first attempt was made, but only three LOG characters were sent. At 22:30 the connection was repeated and everything worked out. This date, October 29, 1969, is now considered the birthday of the Internet. The network was called ARPANET.

At the end of 1969, the computers of the four above-mentioned scientific institutions were united into a single network.

Thus, as a result of the development of a packet-switched network, a network of fast and high-quality digital communications was created, which relied on the well-developed network of telephone lines in the United States. The ARPANET network became not only an excellent “conductor” of military codegrams and files, but also served as a kind of “springboard” for other networks.

In 1971, Ray Tomlison developed an email system and wrote a program that made it possible to exchange email messages over the network. He also suggested using the @ sign, which to this day is an integral part of any E-mail address. It is interesting that in the world it is called very differently: in our country it is called “dog”, in Germany it is called “hanging monkey”, in Denmark it is called “elephant appendage”, and in Greece it is called “little duck”.

In 1972, the first international connections to the ARPANET were made. Machines from England and Norway connected to the network. At the same time, a satellite communication link with the University of Hawaii was launched. In 1977, the number of hosts reached one hundred. The network was connected to Western Europe through satellite channels.

ARPANET Logic Map, March 1977 (click to enlarge)

Internet Internet Protocol TCP/IP

The next significant event in the history of the Internet occurred in 1983, when the ARPANET changed the NCP data transfer protocol to TCP/IP.

The TCP/IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is one of the data reception/transmission protocols currently used in computer networks. The name of the protocol consists of two parts:

• TCP is a protocol that converts messages into a stream of packets on the sending side and reassembles the packets back into messages on the receiving side.
• The IP protocol controls the addressing of packets, sending them along various routes between network nodes, and allows you to combine different networks.

With the advent of the Internet Protocol (IP), the word internet began to be used to refer to interconnected networks and internetworking.

In the mid-80s, the NSFNET network was created, connecting a large number of computers installed at various US universities. In parallel, other networks are being created (BITNET, CSNET, etc.). In the mid-90s, the ARPANET network was dismantled, and its servers were connected to new networks.

In Russia, in the early 80s, the Institute of Atomic Energy named after. I.V. Kurchatova (IAE). In 1990, a network of UNIX users - RELCOM - was created in Russia. She established a connection between IAE and DEMOS. In August of the same year, it connected to the European UNIX user network EUnet. The DEMOS company was founded in February 1989 to develop software and build local computer networks. DEMOS became the first commercial company in the USSR that managed to establish information exchange with the system of Western computer networks.

The emergence of WWW (World Wide Web)

Tim Berners-Lee

An important stage in the history of the Internet is certainly the appearance in 1991 of a new service - the World Wide Web (WWW or Web, translated as the World Wide Web). The service was based on the use of hypertext.

Hypertext is text (Web page) that contains a link to another piece of text in the same document and even to another document. When such a link is activated, the browser program opens the fragment or document that corresponds to it.

The inventor of the World Wide Web is the Englishman Tim Berners-Lee (together with Robert Caillot). Tim Berners-Lee created the first internet history web server and first browser. He figured out how to use hypertext links to navigate the Internet. The creator of the first ever website (http://info.cern.ch/) was also Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.

The first web server in the history of the Internet, developed by Tim Berners-Lee

With the advent of the WWW service and browser programs that display Web pages on the user's computer, a boom in the Internet began. The first browser with a graphical interface, which appeared in 1993, was NCSA Mosaic.

The visibility and ease of use of the WWW led to the fact that mass users began to connect to the Internet. From now on, anyone who could click on the screen could “browse” the Internet. The number of Internet users began to increase exponentially.

WWW is just one of the Internet services. The Internet also provides other services: electronic mail (E-mail), file transfer (FTP) and some others. In the next article you will find out.